Make the cookie dough
In a large bowl (or the bowl of a stand mixer), beat 3/4 cup softened butter, 1/2 cup granulated sugar, and 1/2 cup packed light brown sugar on medium speed for 2 minutes until light and fluffy. Scrape the bowl.
Beat in 2 large eggs and 1 tsp vanilla extract on medium just until smooth and combined; scrape the bowl again.
In a separate bowl, whisk together 2 cups flour, 1 tsp baking powder, 1 tsp cinnamon, and 1 tsp cornstarch.
Add dry ingredients to wet in two additions, mixing on low until just combined. Don’t overmix.
Cover and chill 30 minutes (up to overnight).
Make the apple pie filling (while dough chills)
Peel, core, and finely dice 2 medium apples (small dice helps them cook quickly and sit neatly on cookies).
In a small saucepan over medium heat, melt 1 Tbsp butter. Stir in 1/4 cup packed light brown sugar and 1 tsp cinnamon until glossy and melted.
Add apples and cook, stirring often, for 10 minutes until softened and juicy.
Sprinkle over 2 tsp cornstarch and cook another 8–10 minutes, stirring, until thick and saucy. The mixture should coat a spoon and look jammy.
Transfer to a shallow dish and cool to room temp, then refrigerate to speed cooling (cool filling = clean assembly).
Bake the cookies
Preheat oven to 375°F (190°C). Line baking sheets with parchment.
Scoop dough into 18 equal balls (about 2 Tbsp each; a #30 scoop is perfect) and place 2 inches apart.
Bake 12–14 minutes until edges are lightly golden and centers look just set (they’ll finish on the pan).
Remove from oven; let sit 5 minutes. While still warm, gently press the center of each cookie with the back of a spoon to create a shallow well.
Transfer to a rack and cool completely.
Make the cream cheese frosting
In a bowl, beat 8 oz cream cheese, 4 Tbsp butter, and 1 tsp vanilla on medium until smooth and fluffy, 1–2 minutes.
Gradually beat in 2 cups powdered sugar on low, then medium, until thick, smooth, and spreadable. If too thick, beat 1–2 tsp milk; if too soft, add 1–3 Tbsp more powdered sugar.
Assemble
On completely cooled cookies, pipe or spoon a generous swirl of frosting.
Top each with about 1 Tbsp cooled apple pie filling.
Drizzle with salted caramel (warm slightly if needed so it flows in thin ribbons).
Let the cookies sit 10–15 minutes to set, then serve!